Scientists at Swansea University, Biovici Ltd and the National Physical Laboratory have developed a graphene-based method to detect viruses in very small volumes.Graphene device chip attached to an electrical connector, with two 5 μL HCVcAg samples (one applied on each graphene resistor). Image credit: Swansea UThe work followed a successful Innovate UK project developing graphene for use in biosensors – devices that can detect tiny levels of disease markers.

Researchers develop a graphene platform for extra sensitive detection of viral proteins

Graphene device chip attached to an electrical connector, with two 5 μL HCVcAg samples (one applied on each graphene resistor). Credit: Swansea University
Scientists at Swansea University, Biovici Ltd and the National Physical Laboratory have developed a method to detect viruses in very small volumes. The work, published in Advanced NanoBiomed Research, follows a successful Innovate U.K. project developing graphene for use in biosensors—devices that can detect tiny levels of disease markers. For many parts of the world that do not have access to high-tech labs found in hospitals, detecting viruses such as hepatitis C (HCV)—could save millions of preventable deaths worldwide. In addition, biosensors such as this could be used at the point-of-care—opening effective health care in difficult-to-reach settings. What makes the detection of viruses in such small volumes possible is the use of a material called graphene. Graphene is extremely thin—only one atom thick—making it very sensitive to anything that attaches to it. By carefully controlling its surface, scientists at Swansea University were able to make the surface of graphene sensitive to the HCV virus . These measurements were done with graphene specialists at the National Physical Laboratory. In the future, it is hoped that multiple biosensors can be developed onto a single chip —this could be used to detect different types of dangerous viruses or disease markers from a single measurement. Ffion Walters, Innovation Technologist at Swansea University's Healthcare Technology Center said: "Highly sensitive and simplistic sensors have never been more in demand with regards point-of-care applications. This collaborative project has allowed us to realize proof-of-concept real-time sensors for HCV,  which could be especially beneficial in resource-limited settings or for difficult-to-reach populations." Professor Owen Guy, Head of Chemistry at Swansea University, said: "At Swansea University, we have now developed graphene-based biosensors for both Hepatitis B and C. This is a major step forward to a future single point of care test." Dr. Olga Kazakova, NPL Fellow Quantum Materials & Sensors added: "NPL was delighted to be part of this multidisciplinary team. Participation in this project allowed us to further develop our metrological validation facilities and apply them to the characterization of graphene biosensors and aid in solving an important challenge in the health sector." Explore further

Detecting viruses in a pinprick

The US release of my new book, A Brief History of Timekeeping , is tomorrow (Tuesday, Jan 25), and in honor of that, I thought it would be worth a post giving quick summaries of some of the most important developments in the history of the science and technology of measuring time. As discussed in previous posts here, this is a long and deep history , stretching back thousands of years, so let’s start at the beginning:
Newgrange Passage Tombs, Boyne Valley, County Meath, Ireland (Photo by Hoberman Collection/Universal ... [+] Images Group via Getty Images)
Universal Images Group via Getty Images
1) The Invention of Solstice Markers, more than 5,200 years ago: While we often talk about consciousness of time as a modern problem, the actual history of timekeeping is remarkably deep, stretching well back before the invention of language. The oldest functioning clock we have rely on the slow motion of the rising and setting sun along the horizon, tracked by monumental structures aligned to highlight the position corresponding to a particular date, usually one of the solstices. The most famous of these is probably Stonehenge in the UK, but I’m more fond of the passage tomb at Newgrange (near Dublin, Ireland), which consists of an artificial hill with a vaulted central chamber reached by a narrow 20-meter passage aligned so that the rising sun on the December solstice (the shortest day of the Northern Hemisphere year) casts a narrow ray all the way to the center. This was constructed around 3200 BCE, and still functions today— you can enter a lottery to win one of a handful of spots in the central chamber to see the sunrise (no refunds in the event of cloudy weather, alas). UNSPECIFIED - CIRCA 1900: Greek civilization - 5th century b.C. - Terracotta clepsydra, water ... [+] clock, realized with a 6 litre vessel. (Photo By DEA / G. NIMATALLAH/De Agostini via Getty Images)
De Agostini via Getty Images
2) The Invention of Constant-Flow Water Clocks, more than 3,500 years ago: Incredibly, we can actually put a name to a person who claims credit for this: an inscription in the tomb of an Egyptian court official named Amenemhet from around 1500 BCE brags that he had presented the pharaoh Amenhotep I with a water clock that could track the hours of the night accurately through all the seasons of the year. We don’t have this specific clock, but we have a good idea what it was, thanks to the “ Karnak Clepsydra ” from a couple centuries later: a tapered vessel shaped something like a modern flowerpot, with a hole at the bottom and twelve columns of lines on the interior to mark the water level corresponding to different hours for each of the months of the Egyptian civil calendar. Modern studies suggest that the taper corrects for the tendency of the outflow to slow as the water level drops, and this combined with the position of the lines suggests that it could be accurate to within around 15 minutes, which is remarkably good for such a simple device, well worth a mention in your epitaph. February 29th. Date which repeats on leap year. Calendar (rare days) concept. getty
3) The Introduction of “Leap Years,” 8 BCE: We don’t necessarily think of calendars and clocks as being the same thing, but they are: they’re both tools for tracking the passage of time by counting ticks, and predicting the repetition of certain natural cycles. In the case of a clock, the “tick” is the motion of a pendulum or a quartz crystal, and the repeating cycle is the rising and setting of the sun for each new day; in the case of a calendar, the “tick” is a day, and the repeating cycle is the change of seasons for each new year. A tropical year isn’t an integer number of days, though, so we need to do something clever to keep track, and the introduction of the Julian calendar (completed in 8BCE by the Emperor Augustus) provides an elegantly simple method of aligning fixed-length months with the seasons, adding one day to February every four years. Averaged over a full cycle, this comes within 11 minutes of the true length of a tropical year; this did need to be corrected by the Gregorian reform in 1582 (as previously discussed here and here ), but is remarkably good for its time. 4) The Tower Clock of Su Song, 1094 CE: This is a bit of a cheat, since it’s not actually a step in a continuing process (as nothing that follows was directly built on its principles), but it was a sufficiently remarkable achievement that I have to give it a mention. Su Song was an official in the court of the Northern Song dynasty in Kaifeng who, after narrowly avoiding a diplomatic incident caused by a calendrical error, built a monumental public clock powered by a constant-flow water source turning a massive wheel that turned a giant celestial globe and an armillary sphere in time with the stars. Su Song’s clock also had elaborate public-facing displays to show the time to the citizens of Kaifeng, and ring bells and beat drums to announce the hours. It was only in operation for around 30 years before the Northern Song collapsed, but as we can see from modern reconstructions, it was an extremely impressive device in its day. 5) The Invention of Mechanical Clocks, 1200 CE (give or take): The exact origin of mechanical clocks is a little obscure, but clocks based on a “verge and foliot” system, marking time by counting the swings of a weight twisting back and forth, powered by falling weights, spread across Europe during the 1500s. The early examples weren’t terribly accurate— they didn’t have minute hands for the first few centuries— but offered significant advantages over both sundials (which don’t work when it’s cloudy) and water clocks (which can freeze up in the winter). This is the point where the “tick-tock” sound of gear teeth colliding with each other enters the world of timekeeping. Kepler's illustration to explain his discovery of the elliptical orbit of Mars, 1609. Working with ... [+] data collected by the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) determined that planetary orbits were elliptical rather than spherical. He formulated three laws of planetary motion, known as Kepler's laws, using them to accurately predict the Transit of Venus which occurred in 1631. From Astronomia Nova...de Motibus Stellae Martis by Johannes Kepler, 1609. (Photo by Oxford Science Archive/Print Collector/Getty Images)
Print Collector/Getty Images
6) Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion, 1609: This might not seem like it fits with the others, but Johannes Kepler’s introduction of his Laws of Planetary Motion, based on the data collected by Tycho Brahe over the preceding decades, allowed the rigorous prediction of the motion of the planets, the moons of Jupiter, and eventually the Moon, all of which were to prove incredibly useful for the determination and tracking of time in years to come. His work also helped inspire the work of Newton and other natural philosophers that set physics on the path to the modern ultra-precise science that it has become. 7) The Invention of Pendulum Clocks, 1657: Using a pendulum to make a more reliable version of a mechanical clock was first proposed by Galileo Galilei in the 1630s, but he was more or less completely blind by then, so never built a working model. The first working pendulum clock was made by Christiaan Huygens and Salomon Coster in the Netherlands in 1657 (Robert Hooke in England had some priority disputes with Huygens over early clocks, because that’s what Robert Hooke did, but historians agree Huygens and Coster were first). Within a decade, pendulum-based clocks accurate to seconds per day, and became an indispensable tool for astronomy. Vintage photograph of celestial navigation instruments including a sextant, a nautical almanac, ... [+] parallel rules, a compass, a map, binoculars, magnifying glass, a nautical star chart, and a captain’s hat. 1920s. (Photo by Found Image Holdings/Corbis via Getty Images)
Corbis via Getty Images
8) The Longitude Problem, 1700s: As European empires expanded across the globe, navigation became a critically important problem, one with a close connection to timekeeping. Knowing your longitude requires knowing the difference between the time (as measured by the position of the sun) at two different places on the rotating Earth, but keeping accurate time on board a ship in the age of sail was a formidable challenge. This eventually prompted a number of offers of royal prizes, most famously the UK’s Longitude Prize in 1714, which in turn inspired scientists and engineers to work toward two solutions: the more celebrated in modern times is the marine chronometer invented by John Harrison, but the Method of Lunar Distances made possible by the measurements of Tobias Mayer and turned into the Nautical Almanac by the astronomer Nevil Maskelyne was just as important at the time. UNITED KINGDOM - JUNE 01: A New Quartz Chrystal Oscillmator Clock Is Installed At The Royal ... [+] Observatory Of Greenwich On June 01St 1939. (Photo by Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images)
Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images
9) The Invention of Quartz Clocks, 1927: These days, we take high-quality timekeeping for granted: you can walk into a supermarket in the US and buy a clock for a few dollars that will keep time better than the best mechanical watch produced by John Harrison and his contemporaries. These are powered by the exceptionally regular motion of vibrating crystals of quartz, which was first used to power a clock in 1927 by Warren Marrison and Joseph Horton. These became commercial products over the next few decades, with the first quartz watches arriving in the late 1960s, and are now essentially ubiquitous. Almost any electrically powered clock you can find nowadays has a quartz oscillator inside, shaking back and forth at exactly 32,768 oscillations per second. UNITED KINGDOM - JANUARY 12: This was the first atomic clock and when it was developed in 1955, it ... [+] was the most accurate timekeeper in the world. The timekeeping depends on the vibration of caesium stones - a natural phenomenon. It consists of an airless tube, which allows caesium atoms to pass along it while simultaneously exposing them to very high frequency radio waves. Isidor Rabi was the first to suggest using the stable vibration of caesium as a time, or frequency, standard in his Richtmeyer Lecture to the American Physical Society in 1945. In 1953, Louis Essen and Jack Parry developed the idea at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK, and their work yielded this clock which is accurate to one second in 300 years. Now, international time is defined by atomic, not solar seconds. (Photo by SSPL/Getty Images)
SSPL via Getty Images
10) The Invention of Cesium Clocks, 1955: The modern definition of the second, central to the SI system of units, is 9,192,631,770 oscillations of the light produced when cesium-133 atoms move between two particular energy states. This frequency is determined by the laws of quantum mechanics, discovered in the 1920s, and makes every cesium atom in the universe a potential reference for a clock based on light, with no physical moving parts. The first cesium atomic clock was made by Louis Essen and Jack Parry in the UK’s National Physical Laboratory in 1955, and there are now hundreds of cesium clocks in operation in standard labs all around the world, and orbiting the Earth as part of the Global Positioning System. The best of these are so accurate they would need to be run for something like a billion years before they’d drift off by one full second. Stockholm, SWEDEN: Nobel Prize winner in Physics, US Roy J. Glauber (L), US John L. Hall (C) and ... [+] German Theodor W. Hansch (R), give a joint press conference in Stockholm, Sweden, 07 December 2005. They will be awarded 10 December with The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005 : Glauber "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence", Hall and Hansch, "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique". AFP PHOTO - SVEN NACKSTRAND (Photo credit should read SVEN NACKSTRAND/AFP via Getty Images)
AFP via Getty Images
11) The Optical Frequency Comb, 1990s: Incredibly, those one-second-in-a-billion-years cesium clocks aren’t the best clocks in the world today— not even close. There are experimental clocks in development that are a hundred times more accurate than the best cesium clock, based on the oscillation frequency of light in the visible or even ultraviolet range. The key enabling technology for this is the optical frequency comb, which was recognized with half of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics for John Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch. These combs use ultrafast lasers to make a system allowing the determination and comparison of frequencies at the 18-decimal-place kind of level. They’re not used for time standards yet, but if cesium is ever supplanted by another element as the definition of the second, you can bet that a frequency comb system will be at the heart of the clock. And there you have it, a timeline of timekeeping. All of these topics, plus more are discussed in much more detail in A Brief History of Timekeeping , available tomorrow wherever books are sold. Follow me on  Twitter . Check out my  website .

11 Pivotal Moments In The History Of Timekeeping

Scientists at the UK’s National Physical Laboratory are using monitoring equipment to track our impact on the planet more accurately than ever before. Lee/NIST
To revist this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories . From devastating wildfires to polar bears clinging to melting ice floes, there’s no shortage of shocking images to illustrate the need for action on climate change . But collecting reliable data to track the rate of change—and help determine how to tackle it—is much less straightforward. Scientists at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington, South West London, are using precise monitoring equipment to measure pollutants and track our impact on the planet more accurately than ever before. The lab's latest tool is Boreas, a laser spectrometer designed to collect and analyze methane—a greenhouse gas emitted by dozens of human activities, from agriculture to burning fuel. At an unassuming telecommunications tower in Heathfield, Surrey, Boreas works 24 hours a day in all weather conditions to sample large volumes of air. The machine uses a length of tubing filled with fine plastic beads, which is then cooled to -160 degrees Celsius, allowing researchers back at NPL headquarters to cryogenically separate the methane particles from oxygen and nitrogen, which freeze at much lower temperatures. The aim is to determine the relative concentration of different methane molecules and gain a better understanding of where the pollutants are coming from, explains Emmal Safi, a higher research scientist at NPL. “While previous devices have been able to measure methane concentrations, that data alone doesn’t tell us much about what the source of methane is,” she says. Methane is a molecule composed of one carbon atom surrounded by four hydrogen atoms (its chemical formula is CH4). There are, however, different types of methane in the air, called methane isotopologues. “Different processes make methane with very small differences in the relative amount of each isotopologue, so the relative proportion of each can be used as a signature to determine its source,” says Safi. So far, the readings are showing researchers what they’d expected: “We are seeing methane that has the signature of the northern hemisphere background—relatively clean air from the Atlantic—and some local agricultural sources,” says Chris Rennick, also a higher research scientist on the Boreas team. “It depends on the direction of the wind on any given day.”
What makes Boreas unique is its potential: In the future, NPL hopes to build more devices like it and deploy them to different regions, including the Arctic, where potentially large amounts of methane could be trapped in permafrost. “We’re using the data from our Heathfield lab to contribute to the UK’s methane emissions estimates,” Rennick explains. “However, there are many other networks in many other countries which would also benefit from the measurements that Boreas can make—this would allow the instrument to help reduce global methane emissions.”
Boreas is one of dozens of unique pieces of equipment measuring pollutants at NPL. One of the most historically significant is the Kibble Balance, a set of high-precision scales developed in the 1970s to compare electrical and mechanical power. Fifty years on, the device is used to weigh individual air particles to determine methane concentrations. The key role of researchers such as those working on Boreas is not to conduct climate research, however, or even to present evidence of climate change itself. They are metrologists by trade—there to study and monitor the science of measurement to keep the science as accurate as possible. In doing so, metrologists act as the gatekeepers to “absolute truth” as Richard Barker, head of energy and environment at NPL, describes it. “Scientific measurement is the discipline trying to get as close to the truth as possible,” he explains. “What we do is figure out how close are we to that?” If that sounds philosophical, it is. Most of us will never question why a gram is a gram or a kilometer is a kilometer. But for metrologists like Barker, the accuracy of these measurements is an ever-evolving conversation. When world leaders met in Glasgow to discuss climate action at COP26, Barker was there too, making the case for greater accuracy in scientific measurement. Historically, NPL has been responsible for calibrating the way we measure and determining the terms with which we do so—grams, meters, seconds, and so on. More recently, the lab has named greenhouse gas emissions measurement as one of its key focus areas. The move came from a growing realization that predictions about the rate of climate change were being made purely on statistical modeling, with no indication of certainty. “Just look at the magnitude of the questions that we're asking and the scale of investment that governments and industry are going to have to make to address climate change—we are talking trillions of dollars,” Barker says. “It raises this question of how close to the truth are we?”
While scientists can take a measurement such as sea temperature and recognize an increase, the variability caused by external factors and unreliability of instruments used means that it typically takes 20 years for a trend like rising sea temperatures to be agreed upon as fact—which doesn’t leave much time for nations to meet net zero targets. Barker has an even bigger idea up his sleeve: Through the European Space Agency’s Truths Mission , the NPL plans to send reference equipment into space to allow satellite measurements to be recalibrated in orbit. The hope is that the mission will create a tenfold improvement in the accuracy of environmental observation data. Ultimately, scientists will no longer have to wait so long to make forecasts or determine a trend in temperature changes—which could have a major impact on the pace of climate action. “Metrology is largely invisible, but it’s integral to all that scientists do,” Barker says. More Great WIRED Stories

To Fight Climate Change, First You Need to Measure It

Scientists at the UK’s National Physical Laboratory are using monitoring equipment to track our impact on the planet more accurately than ever before. The Kibble Balance (named after its inventor, British physicist Bryan Kibble), is a device that was first developed in the 1970s to precisely weigh the mass of objects, including individual air particles. It does this by measuring the exact current needed to create an opposing force.Photograph: Charlie Surbey 
From devastating wildfires to polar bears clinging to melting ice floes, there’s no shortage of shocking images to illustrate the need for action on climate change . But collecting reliable data to track the rate of change—and help determine how to tackle it—is much less straightforward. Scientists at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington, South West London, are using precise monitoring equipment to measure pollutants and track our impact on the planet more accurately than ever before. The lab's latest tool is Boreas, a laser spectrometer designed to collect and analyze methane—a greenhouse gas emitted by dozens of human activities, from agriculture to burning fuel. At an unassuming telecommunications tower in Heathfield, Surrey, Boreas works 24 hours a day in all weather conditions to sample large volumes of air. The machine uses a length of tubing filled with fine plastic beads, which is then cooled to -160 degrees Celsius, allowing researchers back at NPL headquarters to cryogenically separate the methane particles from oxygen and nitrogen, which freeze at much lower temperatures. The aim is to determine the relative concentration of different methane molecules and gain a better understanding of where the pollutants are coming from, explains Emmal Safi, a higher research scientist at NPL. “While previous devices have been able to measure methane concentrations, that data alone doesn’t tell us much about what the source of methane is,” she says. Methane is a molecule composed of one carbon atom surrounded by four hydrogen atoms (its chemical formula is CH4). There are, however, different types of methane in the air, called methane isotopologues. “Different processes make methane with very small differences in the relative amount of each isotopologue, so the relative proportion of each can be used as a signature to determine its source,” says Safi. So far, the readings are showing researchers what they’d expected: “We are seeing methane that has the signature of the northern hemisphere background—relatively clean air from the Atlantic—and some local agricultural sources,” says Chris Rennick, also a higher research scientist on the Boreas team. “It depends on the direction of the wind on any given day.”
What makes Boreas unique is its potential: In the future, NPL hopes to build more devices like it and deploy them to different regions, including the Arctic, where potentially large amounts of methane could be trapped in permafrost. “We’re using the data from our Heathfield lab to contribute to the UK’s methane emissions estimates,” Rennick explains. “However, there are many other networks in many other countries which would also benefit from the measurements that Boreas can make—this would allow the instrument to help reduce global methane emissions.”
Boreas is one of dozens of unique pieces of equipment measuring pollutants at NPL. One of the most historically significant is the Kibble Balance, a set of high-precision scales developed in the 1970s to compare electrical and mechanical power. Fifty years on, the device is used to weigh individual air particles to determine methane concentrations. The key role of researchers such as those working on Boreas is not to conduct climate research, however, or even to present evidence of climate change itself. They are metrologists by trade—there to study and monitor the science of measurement to keep the science as accurate as possible. In doing so, metrologists act as the gatekeepers to “absolute truth” as Richard Barker, head of energy and environment at NPL, describes it. “Scientific measurement is the discipline trying to get as close to the truth as possible,” he explains. “What we do is figure out how close are we to that?” If that sounds philosophical, it is. Most of us will never question why a gram is a gram or a kilometer is a kilometer. But for metrologists like Barker, the accuracy of these measurements is an ever-evolving conversation. When world leaders met in Glasgow to discuss climate action at COP26, Barker was there too, making the case for greater accuracy in scientific measurement. Historically, NPL has been responsible for calibrating the way we measure and determining the terms with which we do so—grams, meters, seconds, and so on. More recently, the lab has named greenhouse gas emissions measurement as one of its key focus areas. The move came from a growing realization that predictions about the rate of climate change were being made purely on statistical modeling, with no indication of certainty. “Just look at the magnitude of the questions that we're asking and the scale of investment that governments and industry are going to have to make to address climate change—we are talking trillions of dollars,” Barker says. “It raises this question of how close to the truth are we?”
While scientists can take a measurement such as sea temperature and recognize an increase, the variability caused by external factors and unreliability of instruments used means that it typically takes 20 years for a trend like rising sea temperatures to be agreed upon as fact—which doesn’t leave much time for nations to meet net zero targets. Barker has an even bigger idea up his sleeve: Through the European Space Agency’s Truths Mission , the NPL plans to send reference equipment into space to allow satellite measurements to be recalibrated in orbit. The hope is that the mission will create a tenfold improvement in the accuracy of environmental observation data. Ultimately, scientists will no longer have to wait so long to make forecasts or determine a trend in temperature changes—which could have a major impact on the pace of climate action. “Metrology is largely invisible, but it’s integral to all that scientists do,” Barker says. More Great WIRED Stories

Riverlane develops software that uses the capabilities of the quantum computer, which operates using the principles of quantum mechanics. In the same way that graphics processing units (GPUs) accelerate machine learning workloads, Riverlane uses quantum computers to accelerate the simulation of quantum systems.

Riverlane

Devising the HAL required collaboration between a large number of players in the UK quantum ecosystem , which were brought together by a £ 7.6 M project funded by the UK government 's Industrial Challenge Strategy Fund .

Riverlane: UK Consortium Develops New Hardware Abstraction Layer to Facilitate Collaboration Across the Quantum Computing Industry

University of Manchester

Speaking about the partnership , Dr Peter Thompson , CEO of the National Physical Laboratory stated : `` As organisations we share the same ambition , to use our scientific knowledge and expertise to meet the UK 's 2050 net zero targets and accelerate innovation .

NPL and University of Manchester sign MoU - NPL

Cambridge Quantum Computing is an independent Quantum Computing company. Based in Cambridge in the United Kingdom, CQCL has developed a unique quantum operating system called tiket> that is platform agnostic and has been designed to work with a variety of quantum computing platforms.CQCL has also developed a number of quantum algorithms that will be the basis for applications for Quantum Computers as the usage of these machines becomes more prevalent.On June 8th, 2021, Cambridge Quantum Computing merged with Quantinuum.

Cambridge Quantum Computing

Irshaad Fatadin , Principal Research Scientist , National Physical Laboratory states : `` This strategic research partnership is an exciting opportunity for further collaboration in quantum computing applications spanning cybersecurity , drug development , AI , modelling , traffic , network optimisation and climate change to name but a few .

The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and Cambridge Quantum Computing (CQC) Collaborate in Quantum Computing

Lloyd's Register Group is an engineering assurance firm that provides drilling, asset integrity, compliance, inspection and consulting services.

Lloyd's Register Group

First Graphene is a graphene supplier company of graphene products. It is based in Henderson, Western Australia.

First Graphene

National Physical Laboratory

National Physical Laboratory is a research center focusing on measurement science.

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