Scientific American
We Finally Know Where Oranges and Lemons Come From
In addition to finding where citrus come from, researchers have pinpointed the genetic origins of the fruits’ tart taste
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Tart citrus fruits vary from olive-sized kumquats to four-pound pomelos. Most are round, but some, such as the finger lime, are elongated like sausages. Others, such as the Buddha’s hand, grow in weirdly gnarled segments. “Citrus is fascinating,” says Gayle Volk, a plant physiologist at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, who studies the genetic preservation of citrus and other fruits . “The number of diverse crops produced through hybridization among different citrus species is much higher than that of apples or grapes.”
Trying to pinpoint exactly where this diverse, heavily cultivated group of fruits originated—previously hypothesized as anywhere from the Himalayan foothills to the balmy jungles of northeastern Australia—has soured the topic for many researchers. But a new paper takes an in-depth genetic approach to fleshing out oranges’ origins, along with those of their citrus kin. The study, published last week in Nature Genetics, analyzed the genomes of hundreds of species across the orange subfamily Aurantioideae—and revealed that citrus-related fruits likely originated on the ancient Indian subcontinent before further diversifying their sharp taste in south-central China. Aurantioideae is a titanic taxonomic group encompassing more than 33 genera of fruit-bearing plants found throughout Asia, Africa and Polynesia. This includes the Citrus genus, whose members (such as oranges, grapefruit, lemons and limes) are cultivated worldwide. Horticulturist Qiang Xu of Huazhong Agricultural University in China and his colleagues recently set out to map the evolutionary journey of the orange subfamily. They assembled the genomes of 12 species and compared those with 314 existing genetic records for members of Aurantioideae. They then organized this genetic database into a phylogenetic tree, which is akin to an evolutionary family tree. Using this, the researchers could determine how different varieties and groups are related. This in turn provides clues to when and where certain species originated. The team found that the precursors to citrus plants originated more than 25 million years ago on the Indian subcontinent as it was ramming into continental Asia (creating the Himalayas in the process). As the continents collided, these ancestral citrus plants spread into Asia, as is evident from citruslike plant fossils discovered in southern China. The researchers posit that true Citrus species, such as mandarins and trifoliate oranges, first evolved in south-central China around eight million years ago. They speculate that other early Citrus species, including the pomelo and citron, emerged slightly later in the Himalayan foothills. Location appears to have been crucial for the success of these early fruits. Xu thinks south-central China provided “a complex situation for citrus.” He speculates that several million years ago drastic local climate change, which transformed the area from relatively dry tropical conditions to a wetter climate dominated by monsoons, provided ideal growing conditions. He thinks the region’s budding citrus diversity exploded when local human populations began cultivating the plants thousands of years ago for things ranging from food to medicine. By building such a thorough genetic database from across the orange subfamily, the researchers also discovered that citrus plants differed greatly from their relatives in the expression of the PH4 gene, which plays a major role in determining the amount of citric acid—a key component of flavor—in a given fruit. Noncitrus fruits had barely any citric acid. Citrus fruits, with their higher expression of PH4 genes, had much greater concentrations. “The PH4 gene is important for citric acid accumulation of fruits for both Citrus and Citrus relatives,” Xu says. When his team experimentally overexpressed or decreased the gene’s activity, they found that the citric acid concentrations responded accordingly. This has a big impact on a given fruit’s taste—small concentrations of citric acid provide a sweet tartness to oranges; larger amounts give lemons and limes their mouth-puckering tartness. Volk, who was not involved in the new study, thinks learning more about citrus fruits’ past could inform their future preservation. “Refining genetic origins of citrus and related genera is critical for effective conservation of these plants,” she says. The ability to determine where certain species originated could help researchers protect habitats that are rich in wild species. This work also informs which varieties should be preserved in genetic banks to capture the greatest amount of diversity. In the face of climate change, pests and disease , these genetic stockpiles could help prevent a bitter future for the sweetest citrus. ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)
Jack Tamisiea is a science journalist based in Washington, D.C., who covers natural history and the environment. Follow Tamisiea on Twitter @jack_tamisiea
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We Finally Know Where Oranges and Lemons Come From

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The global citrus oil market is poised for substantial growth, projected to increase from USD 4.07 billion in 2023 to USD 5.3 billion by 2028, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.41%. Driving Factors
Food and Beverage Industry Demand: Growing interest from the food and beverage industry, particularly in enhancing flavors and aromas of products like bakery items, beverages, and salads, is expected to drive market growth. Increased demand for carbonated beverages, bakery products, and non-carbonated beverages further fuels the market's expansion. Organic and Natural Formulations: Consumers' preference for organic and natural formulations, which offer health benefits without side effects, is boosting the demand for citrus oil. These formulations, albeit more expensive than conventional counterparts, yield higher profit margins and contribute to market growth. Alternative to Antibiotics in Animal Feed: The use of citrus oils as antibiotic alternatives in animal feed presents a growth opportunity. Citrus peel-extracted oils have antibacterial properties that aid in animal growth and disease prevention, making them a potential alternative to antibiotics. Ethnic Food Preparations: Citrus oils are gaining traction in ethnic foods due to their health benefits and natural origin. The oils are rich in vitamins, making them appealing for use in ethnic food preparations, thus driving market growth. Market Segmentation
By Type: The market is categorized into Orange Oil, Lemon Oil, Lime Oil, Grapefruit Oil, and Others. Orange oil holds the largest market share, driven by its benefits for skincare and cosmetics, including anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. By Applications: Categories include Food & Beverages, Personal Care & Cosmetics, Aromatherapy, Pharmaceuticals, and Others. Citrus oil's use in natural cosmetics, owing to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, is expected to lead growth in the personal care segment. By Geography: Europe currently dominates the market due to its inclination toward natural ingredients and clean-label products, with Germany, the U.K., France, and Spain being key players. The region's affinity for ethnic foods further boosts citrus oil demand. Company Profiles
The report provides comprehensive company profiles, including financial performance analysis for publicly listed firms in the market. Notable players include Bontoux, Citromax Flavors, Inc., Citrus & Allied Essences Ltd., Moksha Lifestyle Products, and Mountain Rose, Inc. Competitive Quadrant and Ansoff Analysis
The report employs a Competitive Quadrant tool to evaluate companies based on Industry Position and Market Performance scores. Ansoff Matrix analysis is also utilized, providing insights into strategies for market growth. Additionally, strategies for growth based on SWOT analysis are devised for industry players. In conclusion, the global citrus oil market is set for significant expansion, driven by diverse applications, consumer preferences, and industry dynamics. As demand for natural and health-oriented products continues to rise, citrus oil's prominence is expected to grow across multiple sectors. Market Dynamics
Increasing demand for citrus flavors and aromas in the food and beverage industry
Rising awareness about the health benefits associated with citrus oil consumption
Restraints
Stringent regulations and quality standards governing the production
Opportunities
Rising demand for natural and eco-friendly cleaning and household products
Challenges

Global Citrus Oil Market Landscape 2023-2028: Rising Demand for Natural and Eco-Friendly Cleaning and Household Products Presents Opportunities

August 21, 2023
Whether you’re a heavy sweater or you perspire part-time, a quality deodorant should be at the very front of your grooming cabinet. But let me make this clear: letting off some liquid is nothing to be ashamed of—sweating is totally normal, and it’s just the body’s way of managing your internal temperatures. A deodorant is there to simply help you smell and feel fresh. The best Old Spice deodorants have been keeping armpits squeaky clean since the 1930s, so the drugstore staple is a pretty safe bet when it comes to solving your odor issues. But as you would expect from a seasoned veteran, the brand has a whole range of tempting scents to choose from. Keep reading for my guide on the ones that deserve some serious consideration. Key Takeaways
Not all men’s deodorants are the same, and it’s not just the quality that can differ. Ingredients, smell, and protection can all vary from product to product, which is why it pays to do your research (or let somebody else do it for you). This guide does all the legwork and pulls together the best Old Spice deodorant for men (such as the swagger line ) to keep you smelling fresh. You’ll find out what to choose for the best whiff, plus some handy information, such as how long an average deodorant should last. Type: Stick | Scent: Lime & Cedarwood | Size: 3.4oz | Aluminum Free: No
The gentleman’s grooming collection once consisted of some shaving foam and Brylcreem; it was a simple life. Today, it’s big enough to rival the bulging beauty cabinets of our female companions. Some may say the endless options have even become a little overwhelming. But when you’re searching for a masculine deodorant suitable for every stink and sweat, I suggest looking no further than Old Spice’s Swagger. Described as the ‘scent of confidence,’ the antiperspirant stick deodorant will keep you dry and won’t leave behind any white dust. It’s perfect for day-to-day use and promises to keep BO at bay for up to 48 hours. Type: Stick | Scent: Sweet Orange | Size: 2.6oz | Aluminum Free: No
The best Old Spice scent helps neutralize your body’s natural smell while also disguising any lingering pong you may have mustered up throughout the day. If you’re all about the fruity scents, I’ve found one you’re bound to love. Old Spice Wolfthorn gives off bright orange and tropical notes that smell good enough to eat (but please don’t). It’s an antiperspirant deodorant that comes in a stick form, so it’s easy to apply and keeps you feeling fresh and dry. This is a great all-rounder, so you can wear it during the working week or at the weekend. Type: Spray | Scent: Citrus & Cedarwood | Size: 4.3oz | Aluminum Free: No
For those who prefer a lighter dusting of odor protection, Old Spice’s deodorant sprays are just the ticket. In fact, they’re some of the best Old Spice deodorants for men. When you consider comfort, price, effectiveness, and smell, you’ll really struggle to find something better for the job at hand. This one fills your nose with lemon, zesty lime, and cedarwood while dishing out advanced sweat and odor protection that lasts up to 48 hours. If money’s a little tight, the extra large can is a bonus—use it sensibly, and there’ll be no reason to be heading out for a replacement anytime soon. Type: Gel | Scent: Pure Sport | Size: 2.85oz | Aluminum Free: No
Gel deodorants are a clean and effective option for reducing sweat and body odor. Favored for their ability to protect without leaving residue marks or stains on clothing, they feature a thick, clear gel with an impressive staying power. This version from Old Spice will help you go about your day without having to worry about upsetting the noses of your friends and colleagues. It’s super easy to apply and gives off a crisp, clean, and refreshing scent. Type: Stick | Scent: Citrus & Kelp | Size: 2.6oz | Aluminum Free: No
Sweating sucks. Sure it’s great for showing off how hard you’ve hit the treadmill, but let’s face it: no guy wants to spend his day worrying about funky smells and armpit stains. Thankfully, all you need is a good antiperspirant. Old Spice offers quite the collection, but my favorite has to be Sea Spray. Offering 48-hour protection, it gives off a lasting cologne of citrus and kelp that’s sure to get the seal of approval for anyone who catches a whiff. If you’re still not sold, would it help if I told you Old Spice considers it their ‘freshest, most premium antiperspirant deodorant’ to date? Type: Stick | Scent: Citrus | Size: 3oz | Aluminum Free: Yes
Whether you’re completing a killer workout or sweating over an important Monday morning meeting, the best Old Spice scents are your saving grace; there’s no need to worry about raising your arms. Which is why it pays to invest in one you know does the job. Old Spice Pure Sport has been given the five-star thumbs up by 84% of people who left an Amazon Review. Pretty impressive, right? It’s loved for its 24-hour protection against underarm odor, while the ability to overpower even the burliest stink is quite the achievement. Type: Stick | Scent: Citrus | Size: 3oz | Aluminum Free: Yes
Fed up with stinky sweat sabotaging your run? Or are you getting thrown some serious shade in the gym? Well, I hate to be the one to break it to you: it’s time you started to think about upgrading your deodorant. Luckily I’ve found one of the best Old Spice Deodorants for men. Why did it triumph over its competitors? Not only does it get the job done, but it boasts a crisp citrus scent that feels instantly fresh on application. It also comes in a pack of three—saving you a bit of money you can use for a post-workout snack. Type: Stick | Scent: Citrus & Fresh Herbs | Size: 3oz | Aluminum Free: Yes
Of all the grooming products available to guys, a decent deodorant is probably the most important. You can be forgiven for skipping a shave or leaving your hair a little messy, but forgetting to freshen up in the morning can leave even the cleanest of men red-faced. This everyday essential from Old Spice leaves you with fresh and citrusy-smelling pits for a full 24 hours. It’s also aluminum-free and will help you feel clean and comfortable even during sweaty commutes and weekend runs. Type: Stick | Scent: Lavender & Coconut | Size: 2.6oz | Aluminum Free: No
The best Old Spice deodorants are essential all year round, but they really start to show their worth during the warmer months (you know, when it seems damn right impossible to keep sweat and stink at bay). This feel-good formula is a must-have for summer—in particular, your next vacation. The best thing is it’ll take your mind back to those tropical times once the trip is over too. It boasts a fresh and breezy scent, giving off strong smells of lavender and coconut. You don’t need to worry about reapplying, as it’ll keep you protected for a full day. Type: Stick | Scent: Citrus & Amber | Size: 2.6oz | Aluminum Free: No
You may not work up a sweat as much in the winter months, but that doesn’t mean you can forget about your deodorant. If not for you, then at least for others—no one wants to be around someone with garbage pits. The best Old Spice deodorant scent for the cold-weather season is Volcano. A masculine and rugged aroma (that fills the nose with citrus and amber), it’s inspired by nature and forged with real ingredients. Once applied, you won’t even know it’s there, but there’s no doubt you’ll smell it. Ingredients
Knowing what your deodorant is made from is key for optimum results and ensuring you don’t suffer from any irritation—especially if you have sensitive skin. Look out for safe, naturally-derived ingredients, and avoid synthetic chemicals/toxins. Remember, if your deodorant contains aluminum, it’s an antiperspirant. This means it physically blocks sweat glands. If you’re happy to sweat but still smell good, opt for a regular deodorant that allows your body to cool naturally. Scent
From coffee and amber to lavender and mint, Old Spice offers a variety of nose-pleasing smells. However, the best Old Spice deodorant scent will differ for each wearer. If you’re unsure which one to choose, I suggest trying Swagger; it’s one of the brand’s bestsellers and delivers a powerful scent you can rely on, no matter what you’re up to. Type
In order to meet your needs, it’s important to know the difference between the types of deodorants available. You have antiperspirants that will actually stop you from sweating, while regular deodorants allow you to sweat but make your armpits smell better. Final Verdict
It’s clear that the best Old Spice deodorants are a must-have for anyone that wants to reduce sweat and smell great. Whether you’re working out or heading to the office, they’re key in eliminating BO and maintaining that after-shower freshness. The brand’s collection includes a wide range of choices, but if you’re looking for an excellent all-rounder, I say treat your pits with the Swagger antiperspirant. It doesn’t only smell amazing, but it offers 48-hour protection and won’t leave behind any annoying white marks on your clothes. FAQ
The best Old Spice deodorants will offer up to 48-hour protection. This means you’ll be safe applying it just once in the morning. As for how long it’ll be until you need to buy a replacement, that depends on how often you are using it. On average, men will need to top up their supply once every couple of months. Old Spice offers a range of different deodorants; each one of them is aluminum-free. Those that are not free of aluminum are called antiperspirants. These take on an extra task: reducing sweat at the source by preventing wetness and keeping your armpits dry.

10 Best Old Spice Deodorants For Men To Keep Smelling Fresh 2023

Global Massage Oils Market to Reach $6 Billion by 2030

Comprehensive genome-wide identification and transferability of chromosome-specific highly variable microsatellite markers from citrus species

Absolicon develops, manufactures and supplies the solar energy systems of the future. Solar concentrators provide increased energy efficiency and produce electricity, heat and steam in the same system. The company's contribution to sustainable development for humanity and the environment is a Swedish solar energy system with unique versatility and installations the world over.

Absolicon

Absolicon will work closely with its local production line partner CITRUS JMK S.A DE C.V to ensure a successful project execution and installation of the project with Grupo Modelo at Cervecería Modelo del Centro .

Grupo Modelo, part of Anheuser-Busch InBev act on net zero ambition with Absolicon solar heat - Absolicon

Cisco (NASDAQ: CSCO) provides networking solutions. It manufactures and sells internet protocol (IP)-based networking products to the communication and information technology (IT) industry. Its major products include switches, routers, network access, internet protocol telephony, optical networking, security, storage area networking, home networking, and wireless technology. It provides these products and services for transporting data, voice, and video traffic across the internet, intranets, and extranets. The company was founded in 1984 and is based in San Jose, California.

Cisco

Tech Data provides technology solutions offering a comprehensive suite of solutions and specializing in networking, security, wireless, server, and storage. The company was founded in 1974 and is based in Clearwater, Florida. In March 2021, Tech Data Corporation merged with Synnex.

Tech Data Corporation

Ocado (LSE:OCDO) provides online grocery management solutions. It offers Ocado Smart Platform (OSP) to help grocers automate their online operations. It is a cloud-based platform that uses artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics to optimize the entire online grocery delivery process, from order placement to delivery. The company was founded in 2000 and is based in Hatfield, United Kingdom.

Ocado

TinyOwl is a Mumbai-based startup that offers a location-based mobile app for food ordering.

TinyOwl

Medtronic

Erickson

Integrated Media Solutions

LeadPoint

BoxTop Media

Fox Entertainment

Citrus is a catalogue sex-shop with a multilevel organization, it protect the cosutumer of suffering shame to go into this kind of shops, also is wonderfull for persons with no time to visit one.
Other advantage is that people can buy its own catalogue that comes with a kit (and its respective training for correct selling) so they can have exelent extra incomming. If somebody have no money to invest in his/her kit, we can give him/her a catalogue, and the only thing that the seller have to do is sign a contract and start selling, they can grow inside the company and have theyr own kit without a money inversion, just having certain number of sellings for three consecutive months.
At the same time we sell brand condoms, the cheapest we can, in pubs and middle schools, while giving information about non-wanted pregnancy, STD, and sexuality care. This is necesary for teenagers and young people and usefull for us, because they are future costumers.

Name	Michael Rice
Work History	Medtronic, Erickson, Integrated Media Solutions, LeadPoint, BoxTop Media, and Fox Entertainment
Title	Chief Marketing Officer
Status	Former

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